PepRank

Thymosin alpha-1

60%positive47 reports

Also: Ta1 · TA-1 · thymalfasin · Zadaxin

CautionEnergySkin & hairInjection

Thymic immunomodulator approved abroad for hepatitis B/C; used to cut down on colds.

SDAAVDTSSEITTKDLKEKKEVVEEAEN · N-acetyl (28 aa, thymalfasin) (28 residues)

SDAAVDTSSEITTKDLKEKKEVVEEAEN N-acetyl (28 aa, thymalfasin)

#4 of 61 research peptides · updated
Access
Grey market
Cost / month
≈ €38–40
at 210–230 mcg/day · Semax Polska · €5.87/mg
≈ €74–130 at the 420–710 mcg/day users report
InjectionFelt in 24 h – 2 days, lasts 24 h – 2 days

Builds over days or weeks of regular use rather than with each dose.

47 user reports
Glowing 6Positive 23Mixed 5Nothing 4Negative 6Bad reaction 3
  • r/cfs· · 7 upvotesOriginal ↗

    Been on 2mg x 3 days a week for a month. Zero side effects. Just did blood. My thyroid antibodies have insanely decreased.

    Glowing2 mg three times a week · Injection · about 3 months

    Hashimoto's

  • r/Biohacking· · 5 upvotesOriginal ↗

    After fighting long covid for years, TA1 have given me much of my life back.

    GlowingEnergy · Injection

    long COVID

  • r/cfs· · 113 upvotesOriginal ↗

    I am also mild from Covid, and have been taking high dose TA1 for unrelated reasons, 3mg every 3 days, for about 2 months now. Zero change in symptoms.

    NothingEnergy · 3 mg every 3 days · Injection · about 2 months

    mild post-COVID ME/CFS

Users report
Two different crowds. Healthy parents, travellers and autoimmune users are almost uniformly positive: fewer or shorter colds while the household gets sick, falling thyroid antibodies or B cells, a few striking remissions (lupus/Sjögren's, lichen sclerosus). In long COVID, ME/CFS, MCAS and CIRS it splits roughly in half: some get energy back, but many get a flu-like immune flare or PEM crash within a day of the first dose, usually gone in days but occasionally lasting weeks to months, even at 100 mcg. Those who persist mostly titrate up from 100-300 mcg. Outright 'felt nothing' reports are only about 1 in 10.
Best effects
Fewer colds / shorter illnesses · faster clearing of lingering infections · lower thyroid/autoimmune antibodies (anecdotal) · less long-COVID fatigue (anecdotal)
Downsides
Injection-site soreness · transient flu-like feeling or low mood for a few days · cost
Watch
Theoretical: immune stimulation could flare autoimmune disease (a few anecdotal flares in ME/CFS); contraindicated with transplant immunosuppression · Generic: grey-market endotoxin (LPS) contamination; FDA flagged immunogenicity/impurity concerns for compounded Ta1
Evidence
Approved drug — approved in ~35 countries (Zadaxin, hepatitis B/C, vaccine adjuvant); large human RCT (TESTS, 1,106 sepsis patients, BMJ 2025) found no mortality benefit and safety similar to placebo
Typical use
1.5-1.6 mg subQ twice weekly (matches Zadaxin label), often in courses during cold season or when exposed. Users report 420–710 mcg/day (median 500 mcg, n=11).
Getting it
Approved abroad as Zadaxin but not in the US; FDA Category 2 and left out of the Oct 2026 HHS compounding carve-out.
Stacked with
Thymosin beta-4 / TB-500: Doctors prescribe the pair for long COVID, and one ME/CFS user said Tβ4 calmed their Ta1 flare. · KPV: Pitched for long COVID, MCAS and CIRS: Ta1 to rebalance immunity, KPV to damp the inflammation. · SS-31 / MOTS-c: Long-COVID users follow an immune course of Ta1 with mitochondrial peptides for energy.

User reports 53

  • r/cfs· · 7 upvotesOriginal ↗

    Been on 2mg x 3 days a week for a month. Zero side effects. Just did blood. My thyroid antibodies have insanely decreased.

    Glowing2 mg three times a week · Injection · about 3 months

    Hashimoto's

  • r/Biohacking· · 5 upvotesOriginal ↗

    After fighting long covid for years, TA1 have given me much of my life back.

    GlowingEnergy · Injection

    long COVID

  • @sun_in_winter12· · 3 likesOriginal ↗

    Once I switched to that, in Aug. 2024, I felt extremely sick, had a huge herx, and then when it all wore off 6 weeks later, my PEM was gone. So it really was the gamechanger.

    Glowing6 weeks

    long COVID; switched from thymogen alpha 1

  • @BetweenThieves7· · 2 likesOriginal ↗

    On Thymosin Alpha I was sick just once in 6 months. I came off, back to a cycle of sickness for months. The bloodwork I cannot attest to, only the result for me was dramatic and evident.

    Glowing6 months

    long COVID

  • r/LOVE4DIYAESTHETICS· · 1 upvotesOriginal ↗

    I’m still on this peptide THY-A1 and love it is absolutely changed my autoimmune system I have two auto immune diseases and I’m on no steroids and lowering dosing on my steroid sparing medication!!! It’s been close to six months

    GlowingInjection · about 6 months

    lupus and Sjögren's

  • r/lichensclerosus· · 1 upvotesOriginal ↗

    I still have no Lichen. Still gone, so it worked for me.

    GlowingSkin & hair · 20 units twice daily for 10 days · Injection · 10 days

    lichen sclerosus; also started bioidentical hormones and metformin

  • @CoffeeBlackMD· · 37 likesOriginal ↗

    Using BowTied’s Thymosin Alpha 1 since December. Three times per week if in the hospital. Monday and Friday if not. It’s anecdotal but I have not gotten a cold this year despite two of them running through my house (wife and the boys).

    Positive2-3x per week · about 3 months

    physician working in hospital through flu season

  • @amymitchellart· · 25 likesOriginal ↗

    Thymosin alpha 1 and immuneglobulin seem more helpful than antivirals currently.

    Positive

    prolonged acute COVID on top of long COVID, alongside immunoglobulin

  • @BhavanChand· · 15 likesOriginal ↗

    I recently got a cold, took TA-1, went to sleep, and woke up with zero symptoms I had this experience twice in the last 4-5 months

    Positive

  • r/Biohacking· · 14 upvotesOriginal ↗

    I started taking thymosin Alpha 1 to help with the immune system, dropped 10 pounds in 3 days. Obviously this is not normal weight loss, its inflammation loss, I just had no idea.

    Positive0.5 mg daily · Injection · 4+ months, ongoing

    chronic illness, allergies, recent shingles and hives

  • @Elijahkrings· · 14 likesOriginal ↗

    improved immune deficiency markers after 6 weeks... Not been sick ONCE this winter as of know (I typically get caught with the first wave of flus once per year, but this has not happened)

    Positive3 months

  • r/covidlonghaulers· · 11 upvotesOriginal ↗

    Already feeling better in every aspect on the tail end of wave 1, tbf my symptoms were somewhat mild relatively speaking to what I see other people go through

    PositiveEnergy · Injection · about 6 weeks, repeated after 3 months

    long COVID

  • @KrisLuckPhoto· · 11 likesOriginal ↗

    This is the first year I didn’t get some crazy sinus infection that lead to a 6 week cough (I have been getting 2 a year the past 5 years) I want to think it’s from the peptide Thymosin Alpha 1 and it works wonders.

    Positive

  • r/Lyme· · 7 upvotesOriginal ↗

    I’ve used it for a year and a half. It helps but hasn’t been a miracle for me. It’s expensive too, at full dose it costs me about $300 for 5 weeks.

    PositiveInjection · 1.5 years

    Lyme disease

  • @rossettiStone1· · 5 likesOriginal ↗

    As someone struggling with a version of pretty severe immune dysregulation / Long Covid, I’ve seen some benefit from Thymosin Alpha-1.

    Positive

    severe immune dysregulation / long COVID

  • @Bojo_Ricardo· · 5 likesOriginal ↗

    Purchased TA1 last year about this time as I was coming down w a severe flu that was going around the house....took 2 mg daily for 5 days and everyday I felt the flu subsiding...GF did not partake and had the flu for about 10 days/son 2 weeks

    Positive2 mg/day · 5 days

  • r/cfs· · 4 upvotesOriginal ↗

    I get a lift the next day. The moment I stop taking it - fatigue comes back. But not worse. So it’s not fixing it permanently.

    PositiveEnergy · daily · Injection

    ME/CFS

  • r/CIRS· · 3 upvotesOriginal ↗

    Thymosin Alpha 1 is the only thing thus far that has started dropping my elevated B cell numbers.

    PositiveInjection

    CIRS (mould illness)

  • r/BodyHackGuide· · 3 upvotesOriginal ↗

    My kid has gotten sick 3 distinct times since September, as has my wife. I haven’t had a sniffle. I haven’t changed anything else in my routine, diet etc. maybe I’ve just gotten lucky.

    Positive1 mg every other day for 2 weeks, in early autumn and January · Injection · two 2-week cycles

    preschooler bringing home colds

  • @PostcookedMusic· · 3 likesOriginal ↗

    I think worth it, used it to prevent getting/mitigating COVID if caught when a roommate had it. Didn't get it, he was down bad for 2 whole weeks though

    Positive

  • @firsttosettle· · 3 likesOriginal ↗

    Preventive TA1 during cold and flu season keeps me from getting sick.

    Positive

  • @GrandpaSeth2· · 3 likesOriginal ↗

    I tried it for a month to no effect(it did miraculously erase seasonal allergies),but I've seen radically different dosing protocols & I was on the far low end.

    Positive1 month

  • r/LOVE4DIYAESTHETICS· · 2 upvotesOriginal ↗

    Every time my kids get sick I inject it. It has worked 7/8 times, whereas before I used it I would get sick every time.

    Positiveinjected when the kids get sick · Injection

    parent of young children

  • r/LOVE4DIYAESTHETICS· · 2 upvotesOriginal ↗

    My experience is anecdotal but I really believe this has helped me remain almost completety healthy despite having two young kids and traveling a few times a month.

    Positivea couple of times a week in cold season, or after exposure · Injection · about a year

    two young kids, frequent travel

  • r/Biohacking· · 2 upvotesOriginal ↗

    Since taking it in March, the other members of my household have gotten sick twice and both illnesses passed me by, which is unheard of. I usually get sick the worst and longest.

    PositiveInjection · since March

  • @DuaneStorey· · 2 likesOriginal ↗

    Thymosin alpha 1 works, it noticeably improved my lymphocytes with long covid.

    Positive

    long COVID

  • r/BodyHackGuide· · 1 upvotesOriginal ↗

    My cold regressed pretty quickly and I was done with it in about five days. My wife caught the same cold and had a much harder time than I did and slept for a couple of days straight.

    Positive2 mg twice a week · Injection · a few weeks

  • @leatherlunatic· · 1 likesOriginal ↗

    I inject Thymosin Alpha 1. I think I said this already but ya, it’s amazing. Had that weird Covid that ebbs and flows and lasts for weeks on end. Nuked it when I finally took my white china.

    PositiveInjection

  • @Paerbaer· Original ↗

    Day 3 of Thymosin Alpha 1 post Rona I was dealing w a lingering feeling of my throat swelling after initial recovery Now, that’s fully gone and my throat feels normal again.

    Positive3 days

    post-COVID recovery; also on epitalon and pinealon

  • @coco_chatel· · 13 likesOriginal ↗

    The first week on thymosin alpha-1 was rough. I felt much more fatigued than usual and had a swollen lymph node in my jaw. Side effects have leveled off in week 2 and I feel I have a little more pep in my step. Sleep is also better.

    Mixed2 weeks

    long COVID, prescribed alongside other peptides

  • r/LOVE4DIYAESTHETICS· · 3 upvotesOriginal ↗

    Anecdotally, it made me really sad for a few days. Didn’t get covid when the rest of my family did, so I suppose still a win.

    MixedInjection

  • r/CIRS· · 2 upvotesOriginal ↗

    I kept titrating at a super slow pace hoping it would be worth it in the end. It is.

    Mixed100 mcg twice a week, raised slowly to 400+ mcg 2-3 times a week · Injection · 4+ months

    CIRS with reactivated EBV, CMV and HHV-6

  • r/cfs· · 1 upvotesOriginal ↗

    the first 2 weeks each shot felt like a very very mild vaccine reaction. These days I'm not seeing any side effects and I'm seeing about 5% improvement overall?

    MixedEnergy · 900 mcg three times a week · Injection · 3 weeks

    ME/CFS

  • r/Biohacking· · 1 upvotesOriginal ↗

    In my case, it was absolutely worth the discomfort, because I can really see the difference in how my immune system is functioning.

    Mixed1-1.6 mg twice a week · Injection · 5 weeks of a 12-week course

    MCAS, long COVID, chronic fatigue

  • r/cfs· · 113 upvotesOriginal ↗

    I am also mild from Covid, and have been taking high dose TA1 for unrelated reasons, 3mg every 3 days, for about 2 months now. Zero change in symptoms.

    NothingEnergy · 3 mg every 3 days · Injection · about 2 months

    mild post-COVID ME/CFS

  • @dr_ericberg· · 68 likesOriginal ↗

    I personally tried two peptides: BPC-157 and Thymosin Alpha-1. For my arthritis, I didn’t see significant improvement.

    Nothing

    arthritis, tried alongside BPC-157

  • r/BodyHackGuide· · 3 upvotesOriginal ↗

    So the two flagged values both went down and out of range, not what I’d want to see for “infection resilience.

    Nothing1.6 mg twice a week · Injection · 9 weeks

    healthy, flu-season prevention, also on HGH and boron

  • r/covidlonghaulers· · 2 upvotesOriginal ↗

    It’s been 6 weeks and it isn’t really doing much for me. I feel better the next day but no cumulative effects so far.

    NothingEnergy · Injection · 6 weeks

    long COVID, also on Truvada

  • r/covidlonghaulers· · 7 upvotesOriginal ↗

    I injected a small dose of 0.5mg yesterday, and this morning, I started to feel that familiar immune response, like the beginnings of a cold or flu: taste buds off, feverish, sensitive skin, light chills, tired.

    NegativeEnergy · 0.5 mg, single dose · Injection · one dose

    long COVID

  • r/covidlonghaulers· · 3 upvotesOriginal ↗

    I have started TA1 at 0.5 a day. Feeling significantly worse, really flu like and weak.

    NegativeEnergy · 0.5 mg daily · Injection · about a week

    long COVID with severe PEM

  • r/Biohacking· · 3 upvotesOriginal ↗

    I've tried it twice now and every time it's the same thing. I get body aches and fatigue and if I have something going on in my body, it flares up.

    Negative0.25 mg once a week · Injection · single doses, tried twice

    fibromyalgia

  • r/covidlonghaulers· · 2 upvotesOriginal ↗

    my mcas worsened significantly and i could feel my body attacking my connective tissue more than normal. woke up the following day and could barely lift my head up

    Negativeabout 0.5 mg, single dose · Injection · one dose

    long COVID with MCAS, EDS and craniocervical instability

  • r/covidlonghaulers· · 2 upvotesOriginal ↗

    Week 2. Did a dose last night. OMG. I got so nauseous and anxious. Bad panic attacks.

    Negative1.25 mg · Injection · 2 weeks

    recovering from long COVID and lingering pneumonia

  • r/covidlonghaulers· · 2 upvotesOriginal ↗

    1.6mg, sick after 3 weeks, kept going till 4 weeks but lowered the dose on the last week and then gave up.

    Negative1.6 mg, lowered to 500 mcg · Injection · about 4 weeks

  • r/cfs· · 20 upvotesOriginal ↗

    the first 3 days my lymphnodes all swoll and i slept horrible wich was kind of expected since it activates the immune system. but after that the crashing continued. i kept declining and i am currently in week 3 after a single shot

    Bad reactionEnergy · 100 mcg, single dose · Injection · one dose

    ME/CFS after a bacterial infection

  • @SplendidSpeseia· · 10 likesOriginal ↗

    It feels like it kicks soon after injecting and the side effects peak a couple hours after taking it. I had a huge wave of nausea and felt like I might vomit, I feel generally very nausea, headachy, mild flu like

    Bad reaction

    ME/CFS; side effects mostly gone after a week

  • r/CIRS· · 1 upvotesOriginal ↗

    I actually tried it back in October and it sent me into the worst flare I’ve had in 4 years. Felt awful and took me almost 2 full months to recover.

    Bad reactionstandard loading dose · Injection

    CIRS with MCAS, possible recent mould exposure

  • @BowTiedUM· · 680 likesOriginal ↗

    I knew I struck gold when I caught a cold, took a 2mg shot, and woke up the next day feeling GREAT My cough, runny nose, and body aches: GONE

    Glowing2 mg · vendor-adjacent

  • r/cfs· · 84 upvotesOriginal ↗

    I’ve been taking the peptide Thymosin Alpha 1 since February. I can now work full time, work outside in my garden planting and pulling weeds, take 30 minute walks, sing and dance along to music, be with people.

    GlowingEnergy · Injection · about 4 months · vendor-adjacent

    post-COVID ME/CFS, previously wheelchair-bound

  • @biotides· · 14 likesOriginal ↗

    Hits different: clears heavy gunk from the back of the throat and sinuses almost immediately. Opens everything up faster than any OTC I've tried. Won't replace antibiotics when you need them, but it's the most immediate relief I've found for that nasty buildup.

    Positive1 mg+ once or twice a day · vendor-adjacent

  • @lipstickhippiee· · 2 likesOriginal ↗

    Recently I started to get a tickle in my nose & pressure in my sinus, usually my first sign that sickness is right around the corner. I took some TA1 and felt fine the next day!

    Positivevendor-adjacent

  • @jessicaalanas· · 470 likesOriginal ↗

    I took a megadose of Thymosin Alpha 1 peptide for 3 days in a row. By day 3, I was so sick I could not go outside. Today, I woke up and I feel significantly *stronger* than before.

    Mixed3 days · vendor-adjacent

  • @Amberlywave· · 9 likesOriginal ↗

    1.6 mg 2×/week for thymus / T-cell / baseline immune tone while I’m well, not waiting until I’m exposed or already sick. ~4 weeks in. Mostly quiet subjectively so far, which is kind of the point with maintenance.

    Nothing1.6 mg twice a week · 4 weeks · vendor-adjacent

Safety

Tier by safety barStrict CautionBalanced CautionEvidence only Caution

Seen harmMechanismData gapSilent harmProduct

Seen harm 1/3
In the 1,106-patient TESTS sepsis trial SAEs were 26.8% vs 29.3% on placebo, and the Zadaxin label lists no warnings. First-hand reports describe weeks-long crashes or flares in ME/CFS, CIRS and long COVID, isolated and confounded by the illnesses. TESTS 2025: thymosin alpha-1 in 1,106 sepsis patients, SAEs 26.8% vs 29.3% (BMJ) ↗Zadaxin (thymosin alpha-1) label, Indonesian BPOM assessment report ↗r/cfs: three-week ME/CFS crash after one thymosin alpha-1 injection ↗
Mechanism 2/3
Immune activation is its purpose (T-cell maturation and cytokine release), so a flare of autoimmune or inflammatory disease is credible, and the label bars it under deliberate immunosuppression. Zadaxin (thymosin alpha-1) label, Indonesian BPOM assessment report ↗
Data gap 1/3
Approved as Zadaxin in about 35 countries, though not the US, with a 1,106-patient phase 3 trial and decades of use in hepatitis. TESTS 2025: thymosin alpha-1 in 1,106 sepsis patients, SAEs 26.8% vs 29.3% (BMJ) ↗Zadaxin (thymosin alpha-1) label, Indonesian BPOM assessment report ↗
Silent harm 1/3
Immune flares and flu-like reactions are felt within days, though some lasted weeks. r/cfs: three-week ME/CFS crash after one thymosin alpha-1 injection ↗
Product 3/3
Users buy grey-market injectable vials; FDA flagged immunogenicity and impurity concerns, and compounding was left out of the October 2026 carve-out. FDA: bulk drug substances that may present significant safety risks (category 2 and withdrawn nominations) ↗Mendias & Awan 2026 preprint: 6,441 grey-market peptide samples, 42-71% failed quality criteria, 15% had endotoxin ↗
Never if
Transplant or other deliberate immunosuppression (label) · Active autoimmune disease · Pregnancy (label)

Where to buy 10 in Europe · 13 total

ShopFormPricePer mgTesting
Europa-PeptideEU · PLpowder · 10 mg€45€4.49/mgOwn COAout of stock
Semax PolskaEU · PLpowder · 5 mg€29€5.87/mgThird-party tested
Baltic PeptidesEU · LTpowder · 10 mg€70€7.00/mgThird-party testedout of stock
Modern Peptides EUEU · DEpowder · 10 mg€70€7.00/mgOwn COA
Particle PeptidesEU · SKpowder · 10 mg€78€7.80/mgOwn COA
CertaPeptidesEU · ROpowder · 10 mgcontents not stated€80€8.00/mgThird-party tested
CertaPeptidesEU · ROpowder · 5 mgcontents not stated€45€9.00/mgThird-party tested
Condor ResearchEU · SKpowder · 10 mg€90€9.00/mgNo public tests
Particle PeptidesEU · SKpowder · 5 mg€49€9.75/mgOwn COA
CertaPeptidesEU · ROpowder · 2 mgcontents not stated€21€10/mgThird-party tested
SwissChemsUSpowder · 5 mg€5763.99 USD€11/mgThird-party tested
Limitless Biotech (Limitless Life Nootropics)USpowder · 10 mg€119131.99 USD€12/mgNo public tests
Limitless Biotech (Limitless Life Nootropics)USpowder · 5 mg€6167.99 USD€12/mgNo public tests

Studies 4

Sources 3

More in Immune all 6 →

  1. 1Thymalin Caution Injection≈ €13–54 / month55%positive12 reportsRussian thymus-extract bioregulator for immune 'renewal' in older people; thin evidence.
  2. 2Thymulin Caution Injection / Topical49%positive4 reportsZinc-bound thymic nonapeptide; injected for immunity, sprayed on scalps for hair. 1980s data only.
  3. 3Chonluten Caution Oral / Injection≈ €72–100 / month43%positive1 reportsKhavinson's 'bronchial' tripeptide EDG; no airway study exists, and only one first-hand report was found.
  4. 4VIP HSDAVFTDNYTRLRKQMAVKKYLNSILN (28 residues) Caution Nasal / IV≈ €36–540 / month50%positive30 reportsPotent vasodilating neuropeptide used in mould-illness (CIRS) protocols under a doctor.Significant cardiovascular action (vasodilation/hypotension) and broad immunomodulation; a supervised CIRS therapy, not a general-health peptide.
  5. 5LL-37 LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES (37 residues) Excluded Topical / Injection≈ €45–110 / month53%positive26 reportsEndogenous antimicrobial peptide for chronic infections/dysbiosis; pro-inflammatory, pro-tumour in places.Pro-inflammatory/autoimmune and context-dependent pro-tumour activity, plus FDA-noted reproductive effects.

Sequence beads

Each bead is one amino acid in the peptide's chain, coloured by its side chain: grey for non-polar, cyan for polar, blue for positively charged and fuchsia for negatively charged. Length and mix tell related peptides apart at a glance, from a two-residue dipeptide like carnosine to a 43-residue protein like thymosin beta-4. The colours describe chemistry only and predict neither effect nor safety.

non-polarpolarpositivenegative

Report grades

Every first-hand Reddit or X report is graded on its own, from glowing through positive, mixed, nothing and negative to bad reaction, and the bar shows how those grades split. Posts that look vendor-adjacent stay on the peptide's page but are left out of the counts.

GlowingPositiveMixedNothingNegativeBad reaction

% positive

The share of a peptide's graded Reddit and X reports that are glowing or positive, vendor-adjacent posts left out. A peptide with few reports is pulled toward the average of all reports, as if it had eight average ones besides its own, so two glowing posts cannot top the list. Kept peptides rank by the same reports' mean grade, shrunk the same way, and excluded ones follow in that order.

Researcher estimate

No first-hand report of this peptide has been graded yet, so the figure is the researchers' own rating out of 10 from what they read about it. It ranks alongside the computed scores until reports arrive.

Safety tier

Each peptide is tiered clean, caution or excluded from its five risk axes under the chosen safety bar. An excluded peptide has a plausible route to serious harm, so it stays listed with the reason but ranks behind every other entry, however good its reviews.

Safety bar

The safety bar sets how much risk it takes to exclude a peptide. Strict: out on any serious mechanism with little human data, or any documented serious harm. Balanced: out on documented serious harm (unless it is obvious, reversible and from a regulated product), or a serious mechanism whose harm would be silent with no human data at all. Evidence only: out only on documented serious harm in humans that is lasting, delayed or from grey-market product.

Seen harm

Documented serious adverse events in humans, from 0 for none despite real exposure to 3 for deaths or several well-documented serious harms. Serious means a hospital or emergency visit or harm lasting weeks, so a headache or a bad night does not count.

Mechanism

A plausible biological route to serious harm at the doses people use, such as growth-factor signalling, hormone-axis suppression, heart or blood-pressure effects or immune activation. It runs from 0 when none is known to 3 when a dangerous pathway has been shown in living animals.

Data gap

How little human safety data exists for the molecule actually sold, from 0 for an approved drug with large trials and years of use to 3 for no human safety data at all. A modified analogue does not inherit its parent's trials.

Silent harm

Whether the feared harm would show quickly or stay hidden, from 0 when it is obvious and goes on stopping to 3 when it is silent and delayed, like tumour promotion or slow organ damage. User reports cannot reveal a harm that takes years to appear, so a high score here limits what good reviews can tell you.

Product

The risk of what people actually buy, from 0 for a regulated pharmacy or supplement product taken by mouth or on the skin to 3 for a grey-market injectable. In one dataset of 6,441 grey-market samples, 42–71% failed basic quality criteria and 15% carried endotoxin.

Evidence

The strongest kind of study behind the peptide's effects, from an approved drug through human controlled trials and small human studies to animal work or nothing of its own. Animal results often fail to carry over to people.

Access

How people get it: as an approved drug, a compounded prescription, an over-the-counter supplement or from the grey market, where nobody checks the vial. The channel decides both the legal position and the risk of a bad batch.

Price per month

Thirty days of the typical dose, from its low end to its high end, priced at the listing a careful buyer would choose: in stock, from a shop scoring 4 of 5 on trust (third-party tested where no score is set), failing that 3, a pure pack before a blend, a European shop first, then the cheapest per mg. The range is the dose's, not the shops'. A per-dose amount counts once a day unless the dose says otherwise. Prices are in euros at ECB rates of 2026-10-29, before shipping; the shop table keeps each listing's price per mg, per gram for bulk supplements. Where no listing can be priced the researchers' own estimate stands in, and says so.

Dose users report

The middle half of the daily doses stated in at least five first-hand reports, vendor posts left out. Where its middle sits more than twice above or below the declared dose, the month is priced at it as well, since what people take is what they pay for.

Testing

Whether the shop publishes lab results: third-party tested means an independent lab checks each batch, own COA means the shop's own certificate of analysis, and no public tests means neither. A certificate shows purity, not safety.

Added peptide

Some packs sold under one peptide's name hold a second one, such as 5 mg GHK-Cu in a nasal kit, stated only in the description. Sprayed in the nose or injected it reaches the blood like an injection, so it carries the risk of that route and is tiered as the injectable form, whatever its tier on the skin. A pack whose page gives no contents list may hold more than its name.